Model: Markets & Finance

Economic models, market trends, and valuation methods for informed investment and business decisions.


  • Star Principle

    Star Principle

    Richard Koch’s rule to back category leaders in high‑growth niches; leadership…

  • Margin of Safety

    Margin of Safety

    Deliberately leave room for error—buy below value, build above load, plan…

  • Leverage

    Leverage

    Use small inputs to create large outputs by applying amplifiers —…

  • Network Effects

    Network Effects

    A product becomes more valuable as more participants join and interact.…

  • Distributions

    Distributions

    Outcomes don’t all follow the normal curve. Know the shape and…

  • Economies of Scale

    Economies of Scale

    Produce more to lower average cost by spreading fixed costs, improving…

  • Competitive Advantage

    Competitive Advantage

    A durable edge that lets you create more value or deliver…

  • Comparative Advantage

    Comparative Advantage

    Specialise in what you produce at lower opportunity cost and trade…

  • Compound Interest

    Compound Interest

    Compound Interest is a practical lens to frame decisions and reduce…

  • 9 Levers of Value

    9 Levers of Value

    A KPMG framework that links what to aim for (financial ambition),…